Overview

Profile

Dr. Ki Young Koo gives lectures for "Structural Health and Performance Monitoring" module in the Exeter MSc in Structural Engineering, with first intake in September 2015.

Dr. Ki Young Koo is a senior lecturer in College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, UK since Sep 2013. He completed his Ph.D. degree of Civil & Environmental Engineering in KAIST (Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology), South Korea, February 2008. During his Ph.D study entitled “Structural Health Monitoring Methods for Bridges Using Ambient Vibration and Impedance Measurements”, theoretical and experimental investigations on damage detection methods were carried out based on global vibration measurement as well as local wave measurements.

After working as a post doctor researcher in Smart Infra-structure Technology Centre, KAIST, he worked in VES (Vibration Engineering Section), Dept of Civil and Structural Engineering, University of Sheffield, UK for three years from Aug 2008 on an EPSRC research project entitled "Novel Data Mining and Performance Diagnosis Systems for Structural Health Monitoring of Suspension Bridges". In the project, structural health monitoring systems for Tamar Bridge and Humber Bridge in the UK were upgraded and created from scratch respectively to provide a real-time capability for diagnosis of key aspects of structural performance. Afterwards, he had worked as an assistant professor in School of Construction Engineering, Kyoungil University, South Korea from Sep 2011 to Aug 2013.

Research interests

• Structural Health Monitoring
• Damage Detection
• Smart Materials & Structures
• Experimental Modal Analysis & Vibration Testing
• System Identification
• Non-Destructive Evaluation
• Structural Dynamics
• Random Vibrations
• Finite Element Analysis & Model Updating
• Time-domain Nonlinear Identification.

Vibration Engineering Section website 

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Publications

_{Copyright Notice: Any articles made available for download are for personal use only. Any other use requires prior permission of the author and the copyright holder.}

| 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2011 | 2010 | 2009 | 2008 | 2006 |

2024

• Wang M, Xu F, Koo K, Wang P. (2024) Real‐time displacement measurement for long‐span bridges using a compact vision‐based system with speed‐optimized template matching, Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, DOI:10.1111/mice.13177.

2023

• Ann H, Koo KY. (2023) Deep Learning Based Fire Risk Detection on Construction Sites, Sensors, volume 23, no. 22, pages 9095-9095, DOI:10.3390/s23229095. [PDF]
• Ge L, Dan D, Koo KY, Chen Y. (2023) An improved system for long-term monitoring of full-bridge traffic load distribution on long-span bridges, Structures, volume 54, pages 1076-1089, DOI:10.1016/j.istruc.2023.05.103. [PDF]
• Ge L, Koo KY, Wang M, Brownjohn J, Dan D. (2023) Bridge damage detection using precise vision-based displacement influence lines and weigh-in-motion devices: Experimental validation, Engineering Structures, volume 288, pages 116185-116185, article no. 116185, DOI:10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.116185. [PDF]
• Wang M, Koo K-Y, Liu C, Xu F. (2023) Development of a low-cost vision-based real-time displacement system using Raspberry Pi, Engineering Structures, volume 278, DOI:10.1016/j.engstruct.2022.115493.

2022

• Brownjohn JMW, Koo K-Y, de Battista N. (2022) 1 Sensing solutions for assessing and monitoring of bridges, Sensor Technologies for Civil Infrastructures, Elsevier, 3-30, DOI:10.1016/b978-0-08-102706-6.00006-4.
• Wang Y, Koo KY. (2022) Vegetation Removal on 3D Point Cloud Reconstruction of Cut-Slopes Using U-Net, Applied Sciences (Switzerland), volume 12, no. 1, DOI:10.3390/app12010395.

2021

• Wang Y, Brownjohn J, Jiménez Capilla JA, Dai K, Lu W, Koo KY. (2021) Vibration investigation for telecom structures with smartphone camera: case studies, Journal of Civil Structural Health Monitoring, volume 11, no. 3, pages 757-766, DOI:10.1007/s13349-021-00478-9. [PDF]

2020

• Zhou L-R, Chen L, Xia Y, Koo KY. (2020) Temperature-induced structural static responses of a long-span steel box girder suspension bridge, JOURNAL OF ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY-SCIENCE A, volume 21, no. 7, pages 580-592, DOI:10.1631/jzus.A1900490. [PDF]

2019

• Koo KY, Jiménez Capilla JA, Brownjohn JMW. (2019) Innovative sensing solution and shm for Moel-y-Parc telecommunication high guyed mast, International Conference on Smart Infrastructure and Construction 2019, ICSIC 2019: Driving Data-Informed Decision-Making, pages 589-594, DOI:10.1680/icsic.64669.589.
• Hester D, Koo K, Xu Y, Brownjohn J, Bocian M. (2019) Boundary condition focused finite element model updating for bridges, Engineering Structures, volume 198, DOI:10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.109514.
• Jesus A, Brommer P, Westgate R, Koo K, Brownjohn J, Laory I. (2019) Modular Bayesian damage detection for complex civil infrastructure, Journal of Civil Structural Health Monitoring, volume 9, no. 2, pages 201-215, DOI:10.1007/s13349-018-00321-8.
• Jesus A, Brommer P, Westgate R, Koo K, Brownjohn J, Laory I. (2019) Bayesian structural identification of a long suspension bridge considering temperature and traffic load effects, Structural Health Monitoring, volume 18, no. 4, pages 1310-1323, DOI:10.1177/1475921718794299.
• Koo K. (2019) time-sync-xo.
• Koo K. (2019) time-sync-xo-oma-test, DOI:10.3389/fbuil.2018.00082.

2018

• Jesus A, Brommer P, Westgate R, Koo K, Brownjohn J, Laory I. (2018) Modular Bayesian damage detection for civil structures. A proof of concept case-study, 9th European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring, EWSHM 2018.
• Goulet J-A, Koo K. (2018) Empirical Validation of Bayesian Dynamic Linear Models in the Context of Structural Health Monitoring, Journal of Bridge Engineering, volume 23, no. 2, DOI:10.1061/(asce)be.1943-5592.0001190. [PDF]

2017

• Avendaño-Valencia LD, Chatzi EN, Koo KY, Brownjohn JMW. (2017) Gaussian process time-series models for structures under operational variability, Frontiers in Built Environment, volume 3, DOI:10.3389/fbuil.2017.00069.
• Jesus A, Salami MR, Westgate R, Koo K, Brownjohn J, Laory I. (2017) Bayesian structural identification of a suspension bridge using temperature and traffic loading, SHMII 2017 - 8th International Conference on Structural Health Monitoring of Intelligent Infrastructure, Proceedings, pages 797-806.
• Jesus A, Zhu Y, Koo K, Brownjohn J, Laory I. (2017) Identifiability based sensor configuration analysis for Bayesian structural identification, SHMII 2017 - 8th International Conference on Structural Health Monitoring of Intelligent Infrastructure, Proceedings, pages 923-932.
• Xu Y, Brownjohn J, Hester D, Koo KI. (2017) Long-span Bridges: Enhanced data fusion of GPS displacement and deck accelerations, Engineering Structures.

2016

• Kim S, Koo KY, Lee J-J. (2016) Laboratory Validation of Bridge Finite Model Updating Approach By Static Load Input/Deflection Output Measurements, Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance inspection, volume 20, no. 3, pages 10-17, DOI:10.11112/jksmi.2016.20.3.010.
• Koo KY, Brownjohn JMW, Kim SH, Lee JJ. (2016) Finite element model updating for short-span bridges using vehicle load input-deflection outputs, Maintenance, Monitoring, Safety, Risk and Resilience of Bridges and Bridge Networks - Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Bridge Maintenance, Safety and Management, IABMAS 2016, pages 1478-1485.
• Hosseinzadeh AZ, Amiri GG, Razzaghi SAS, Koo KY, Sung SH. (2016) Structural damage detection using sparse sensors installation by optimization procedure based on the modal flexibility matrix, JOURNAL OF SOUND AND VIBRATION, volume 381, pages 65-82, DOI:10.1016/j.jsv.2016.06.037. [PDF]
• Xu Y, Brownjohn J, Hester D, Koo K. (2016) Dynamic displacement measurement of a long span bridge using vision-based system, European workshop on Structural Health Monitoring, Bilbao, 5th - 8th Jul 2016.
• Brownjohn JMW, Hester D, Xu Y, Bassitt J, Koo K. (2016) Viability of optical tracking systems for monitoring deformations of a long span bridge, 6th European Conference on Structural Control, Sheffield, 11th - 13th Jul 2016.
• Brownjohn JMW, Koo K, Battista N. (2016) Sensing Solutions for Assessing and Monitoring of Bridges.
• Zhou L, Xia Y, Brownjohn JMW, Koo KY. (2016) Temperature Analysis of a Long-Span Suspension Bridge Based on Field Monitoring and Numerical Simulation, Journal of Bridge Engineering, volume 21, no. 1, DOI:10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000786.

2015

• Zare Hosseinzadeh A, Ghodrati Amiri G, Koo K-Y. (2015) Optimization-based method for structural damage localization and quantification by means of static displacements computed by flexibility matrix, Engineering Optimization, volume 48, no. 4, pages 543-561, DOI:10.1080/0305215x.2015.1017476. [PDF]
• Koo K-Y, Yi J-H. (2015) Substructural Identification of Flexural Rigidity for Beam-Like Structures, Shock and Vibration, volume 2015, pages 1-15, DOI:10.1155/2015/726410. [PDF]
• Koo K, Lee JJ, Brownjohn JMW. (2015) Time synchronization for wireless sensors by using low-cost GPS module, SHMII 2015 - 7th International Conference on Structural Health Monitoring of Intelligent Infrastructure.
• Xia Y, Zhou LR, Brownjohn JMW, Koo KY. (2015) Transverse temperature difference of steel girder in a long-span suspension bridge, SHMII 2015 - 7th International Conference on Structural Health Monitoring of Intelligent Infrastructure.
• Park Y-S, Kim S, Sim S-H, Koo K-Y, Lee W, Lee J-J. (2015) Smart One-Channel Sensor Node for Ambient Vibration Test with Applications to Structural Health Monitoring of Large Civil Infrastructures, International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, volume 11, no. 11, pages 691565-691565, DOI:10.1155/2015/691565. [PDF]
• Westgate R, Koo KY, Brownjohn J. (2015) Effect of solar radiation on suspension bridge performance, Journal of Bridge Engineering, volume 20, no. 5, DOI:10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000668.
• Rahbari R, Niu J, Brownjohn JMW, Koo KY. (2015) Structural identification of Humber Bridge for performance prognosis, Smart Structures and Systems, volume 15, no. 3, pages 665-682, DOI:10.12989/sss.2015.15.3.665.
• Brownjohn JMW, Koo KY, Scullion A, List D. (2015) Operational deformations in long-span bridges, Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, volume 11, no. 4, pages 556-574, DOI:10.1080/15732479.2014.951857.
• Westgate R, Koo KY, Brownjohn J. (2015) Effect of vehicular loading on suspension bridge dynamic properties, Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, volume 11, no. 2, pages 129-144, DOI:10.1080/15732479.2013.850731.
• de Battista N, Brownjohn JMW, Tan HP, Koo KY. (2015) Measuring and modelling the thermal performance of the Tamar Suspension Bridge using a wireless sensor network, Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, volume 11, no. 2, pages 176-193, DOI:10.1080/15732479.2013.862727.

2014

• Brownjohn JMW, Koo KY, De Battista N. (2014) Sensing solutions for assessing and monitoring bridges, Sensor Technologies for Civil Infrastructures, 207-233, DOI:10.1533/9781782422433.2.207.
• Sung SH, Koo KY, Jung HJ. (2014) Modal flexibility-based damage detection of cantilever beam-type structures using baseline modification, JOURNAL OF SOUND AND VIBRATION, volume 333, no. 18, pages 4123-4138, DOI:10.1016/j.jsv.2014.04.056. [PDF]
• Westgate R, Koo KY, Brownjohn J, List D. (2014) Suspension bridge response due to extreme vehicle loads, Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, volume 10, no. 6, pages 821-833, DOI:10.1080/15732479.2013.767844.
• Zare Hosseinzadeh A, Bagheri A, Ghodrati Amiri G, Koo KY. (2014) A flexibility-based method via the iterated improved reduction system and the cuckoo optimization algorithm for damage quantification with limited sensors, Smart Materials and Structures, volume 23, no. 4, DOI:10.1088/0964-1726/23/4/045019.
• Belver A, Koo K, Ibán A, Brownjohn J, Goddard C. (2014) Enhanced vortex shedding in a 183 m industrial chimney, Advances in Structural Engineering, volume 17, no. 7, pages 951-960, DOI:10.1260/1369-4332.17.7.951.
• Sung SH, Lee JH, Park JW, Koo KY, Jung HJ. (2014) Feasibility study on an angular velocity-based damage detection method using gyroscopes, Measurement Science and Technology, volume 25, no. 7, DOI:10.1088/0957-0233/25/7/075009.

2013

• Brownjohn JMW, Westgate R, Koo K, Cross E. (2013) Identifying and discriminating thermal effects for structural health monitoring, Second Conference on Smart Monitoring, Assessment and Rehabilitation of Civil Structures, 9th - 11th Sep 2013.
• Ibán AL, Brownjohn JMW, Belver AV, López-Reyes PM, Koo K. (2013) Numerical modelling for evaluating the TMD performance in an industrial chimney, Wind and Structures, An International Journal, volume 17, no. 3, pages 263-274, DOI:10.12989/was.2013.17.3.263.
• Cross EJ, Koo K, Brownjohn JMW, Worden K. (2013) Long-term monitoring and data analysis of the Tamar Bridge, Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, volume 35, no. 1-2, pages 16-34, DOI:10.1016/j.ymssp.2012.08.026.
• Brownjohn J, Koo KY, Basagiannis C, Alskif A, Ngonda A. (2013) Vibration monitoring and condition assessment of the University of Sheffield Arts Tower during retrofit, Journal of Civil Structural Health Monitoring, volume 3, no. 3, pages 153-168, DOI:10.1007/s13349-012-0028-x.

2012

• Sung SH, Koo KY, Jung HY, Jung HJ. (2012) Damage-induced deflection approach for damage localization and quantification of shear buildings: validation on a full-scale shear building, Smart Materials and Structures, volume 21, no. 11, DOI:10.1088/0964-1726/21/11/115013.
• Cui J, Kim D, Koo KY, Chaudhary S. (2012) Structural Model Updating of Steel Box Girder Bridge Using Modal Flexibility Based Deflections, The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering, volume 7, no. 4, pages 253-260, DOI:10.3846/bjrbe.2012.34.
• KOO KY, KIM DK, CUI J, JUNG HY. (2012) SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION OF A STEEL BRIDGE USING MODAL FLEXIBILITY MATRIX, Advanced Nondestructive Evaluation II, DOI:10.1142/9789812793034_0011.
• Koo KY, Brownjohn JMW, List DI, Cole R. (2012) Structural health monitoring of the Tamar suspension bridge, DOI:10.1002/stc.1481.
• Brownjohn JMW, Koo KY, Scullion A. (2012) Operational deformations in long span bridges (keynote), IAMBAS 2012, Stresa.
• Cross EJ, Worden K, Koo K-Y, Brownjohn JMW. (2012) Filtering environmental load effects to enhance novelty detection on cable-supported bridge performance, Bridge Maintenance, Safety, Management, Resilience and Sustainability - Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Bridge Maintenance, Safety and Management, pages 745-752.

2011

• Westgate RJ, Koo KY, Cross EJ, Brownjohn JMW. (2011) Environmental effects on longterm behaviours of Tamar Suspension Bridge, SHMII-5 2011 - 5th International Conference on Structural Health Monitoring of Intelligent Infrastructure.
• Koo KY, De Battista N, Brownjohn JMW. (2011) SHM data management system using MySQL database with MATLAB and web interfaces, SHMII-5 2011 - 5th International Conference on Structural Health Monitoring of Intelligent Infrastructure.
• Koo KY, Sung SH, Jung HJ. (2011) Damage quantification of shear buildings using deflections obtained by modal flexibility, Smart Materials and Structures, volume 20, no. 4, DOI:10.1088/0964-1726/20/4/045010.
• Westgate R, Koo K, Brownjohn J. (2011) Recording and simulating environmental effects upon Tamar Suspension Bridge, Bridge Maintenance, Safety, Management and Life-Cycle Optimization, Taylor & Francis, 327-327, DOI:10.1201/b10430-240.
• Barton E, Middleton C, Koo K, Crocker L, Brownjohn J. (2011) Structural finite element model updating using vibration tests and modal analysis for NPL footbridge - SHM demonstrator, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, volume 305, no. 1, DOI:10.1088/1742-6596/305/1/012105.
• De Battista N, Westgate R, Koo KY, Brownjohn J. (2011) Wireless monitoring of the longitudinal displacement of the Tamar Suspension Bridge deck under changing environmental conditions, Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, volume 7981, DOI:10.1117/12.879811.
• Koo KY, De Battista N, Brownjohn JMW. (2011) SHM data management system using MySQL databases and MATLAB interfaces, SHMII-5 2011.
• Westgate R, Koo KY, Cross EJ, Brownjohn JMW. (2011) Environmental effects on long-term behaviours of Tamar Suspension Bridge, SHMII-5 2011.
• Westgate R, Koo KY, Brownjohn JMW. (2011) Environmental effects on a suspension bridge’s dynamic response, 8th International Conference on Structural Dynamics, EURODYN 2011, Proceedings of Eurodyn 2011. [PDF]
• Cross EJ, Koo KY, Worden K, Brownjohn JMW. (2011) Cointegration and SHM of bridges, 8th International Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring, Structural Health Monitoring 2011: Condition Based Maintenance and Intelligent Structures, pages 63-71.

2010

• Koo KY, Sung SH, Park JW, Jung HJ. (2010) Damage detection of shear buildings using deflections obtained by modal flexibility, Smart Materials and Structures, volume 19, no. 11, DOI:10.1088/0964-1726/19/11/115026.
• Koo KY, Cho SG, Cui J, Kim D. (2010) Seismic response prediction for cabinets of nuclear power plants by using impact hammer test, Nuclear Engineering and Design, volume 240, no. 10, pages 2500-2511, DOI:10.1016/j.nucengdes.2010.05.008.
• Koo KY, Brownjohn JMW, List D, Cole R, Wood T. (2010) Innovative structural health monitoring for Tamar Suspension Bridge by automated Total Positioning System, Bridge Maintenance, Safety, Management and Life-Cycle Optimization - Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Bridge Maintenance, Safety and Management, pages 544-551.
• Koo KY, Brownjohn JMW, Carden P, List DI, Cole R, Wood T. (2010) Long-term structural health monitoring for Tamar Suspension Bridge, Bridge Maintenance, Safety, Management and Life-Cycle Optimization - Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Bridge Maintenance, Safety and Management, pages 348-355.
• Koo KY, Brownjohn JMW, Carden P, List DI, Cole R, Wood T. (2010) Long-term structural health monitoring for Tamar Suspension Bridge, Bridge Maintenance, Safety, Management and Life-Cycle Optimization - Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Bridge Maintenance, Safety and Management, pages 336-343.
• Westgate RJ, Koo K, Brownjohn JMW. (2010) Recording and simulating environmental effects upon Tamar Suspension Bridge, Bridge Maintenance, Safety, Management and Life-Cycle Optimization - Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Bridge Maintenance, Safety and Management, pages 1642-1647.
• Koo KY, Brownjohn JMW, List D, Cole R, Wood T. (2010) Innovative structural health monitoring for Tamar Suspension Bridge by automated Total Positioning System, Bridge Maintenance, Safety, Management and Life-Cycle Optimization - Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Bridge Maintenance, Safety and Management, pages 556-563.
• Brownjohn JMW, Koo KY. (2010) Vibration serviceability of tall buildings due to wind loads: prediction measurement and evaluation of damping, ASCE Congress 2010, DOI:10.1061/41130(369)267.
• Cross E, Worden K, Koo KY, Brownjohn JMW. (2010) Modelling Environmental Effects on the Dynamic Characteristics of the Tamar Suspension Bridge, IMAC XXVIII, Dynamics of Bridges, Volume 5 Proceedings of the 28th IMAC, A Conference on Structural Dynamics, 2010, volume 5, pages 21-32, DOI:10.1007/978-1-4419-9825-5_3.
• Garcia-Dieguez M, Koo KY, Middleton CJ, Brownjohn JMW, Goddard C. (2010) Model Updating for a 183m of Reinforced Concrete Chimney, IMAC XXVIII, Dynamics of Civil Structures, Volume 4 Proceedings of the 28th IMAC, A Conference on Structural Dynamics, 2010, volume 4, pages 91-98, DOI:10.1007/978-1-4419-9831-6_11.
• Koo KY, Brownjohn JMW, Westgate RJ. (2010) Long-term structural health monitoring for Tamar Suspension Bridge, Bridge Maintenance, Safety and Management - IABMAS’10, Proceedings of the Fifth International IABMAS Conference, pages 111-111. [PDF]
• Cross EJ, Koo KY, Brownjohn JMW, Worden K. (2010) Long-term monitoring and data analysis of the Tamar Bridge, ISMA2010-USD2010 Conference, PROCEEDINGS OF ISMA2010 INCLUDING USD2010, pages 1345-1358, DOI:10.1016/j.ymssp.2012.08.026. [PDF]
• Koo KY, Brownjohn JMW, List D, Cole R, Wood T. (2010) Innovative structural health monitoring for suspension bridges by total positioning system, Bridge Maintenance, Safety and Management - IABMAS’10, Proceedings of the Fifth International IABMAS Conference, pages 143-143. [PDF]
• Westgate RJ, Koo K, Brownjohn JMW. (2010) Recording and simulating environmental effects upon Tamar Suspension Bridge, Bridge Maintenance, Safety, Management and Life-Cycle Optimization - Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Bridge Maintenance, Safety and Management, pages 1651-1656.

2009

• Sturgeon R, Cross EJ, Worden K, Brownjohn JMW, Koo KY, Chen Q. (2009) Elimination of long-term trends in SHM data using cointegration, Structural Health Monitoring 2009: From System Integration to Autonomous Systems - Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring, IWSHM 2009, volume 2, pages 1447-1455.
• Koo KY, Brownjohn JMW, Yun CB. (2009) Damage detection in beam-like structures using deflections obtained by modal flexibility matrices, Structural Health Monitoring of Intelligent Infrastructure - Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Structural Health Monitoring of Intelligent Infrastructure, SHMII 2009.
• Brownjohn JMW, Carden EP, Goddard CR, Oudin G, Koo KY. (2009) Real-time performance tracking of a 183m chimney and tuned mass damper system, 3rd International Operational Modal Analysis Conference.
• Koo KY, Lee JJ, Jun CB, Brownjohn JMW. (2009) Damage detection in beam-like structures using deflections obtained by modal flexibility matrices, IMAC-XXVII, Proceedings of the IMAC-XXVII. [PDF]

2008

• Lee JJ, Koo KY, Hong JY, Yun CB. (2008) Remotely Controllable SHM System for a Concrete Box-Girder Bridge, volume 56, pages 339-344, DOI:10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.56.339.
• Park JH, Hong DS, Kim JT, Koo KY, Yun CB, Park G. (2008) Wireless Sensing and Embedded Monitoring Algorithm for Damage Diagnosis in PSC Girders, volume 56, pages 420-425, DOI:10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.56.420.

2006

• Kim HS, Yi JH, Koo KY, Yun CB, Huh YH. (2006) Integrity Assessment for Beam-Like Structures by Continuous Wavelet Transform, volume 321-323, pages 282-285, DOI:10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.321-323.282.

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